• Engineering functional skin substitutes through in vitro skin equivalents and vascularized grafts that persist and integrate in vivo, exemplified by living tissue grafts and keratinocyte expansion [15][18][17][9][13][1].

• Systematic focus on epidermal barrier formation and wound repair, analyzing the water barrier, skin barrier regeneration, epithelialization, and epidermal roles in wound strength across models [11][4][10][3][1].

• Donor-site care and graft interfaces shaped by dressings, xenografts, and infection management, affecting healing rates, inflammation, and graft integration across recipient sites [5][6][14][7][20][12].

• Biomaterial scaffold engineering for skin substitutes uses collagen sponges, cross-linking control, and composite membranes to tailor resorption and biocompatibility in grafts [19][16][17][15].

• Growth-factor–driven and cell-based strategies advance skin regeneration, notably epidermal growth factor–stimulated keratinocyte multiplication and in vitro living tissues used as grafts [18][15].